Monday, December 30, 2019

Effects of Reward and Punishment on Student Motivation

Chapter 1 The Problem and Its Background Introduction Rewards can serve as effective incentives—if the person is interested in the reward. (Marshall, Marvin) The prospect of receiving something worthwhile for an effort one has exerted causes a person to work even harder towards that certain goal. Some students find that the grades they receive are enough of a reward, some students however do not agree. Rewards can also serve as wonderful acknowledgements—ways of congratulating merit and demonstrating appreciation. Student of the week is an examples of such acknowledgements. But notice that these are awarded after the behavior—not as bribes beforehand. As opposed to using rewards as incentives and acknowledgements, giving rewards†¦show more content†¦Its not just that rewards are ineffective over the long haul; its that they are actively counterproductive. (Khon, Alfie) Though some psychologist, like Robb for instance, believe that rewards and punishments are a good way to motivate, Kohn believes otherwise. This study on the effects of reward and punishment on a student’s motivation to study aims to find out whether there is truth in all these studies. Based on this premise, the researcher conceptualized this study entitled, â€Å"Effects of Reward and Punishment on the Motivation to Study of Fourth Year Psychology Students of Pasig Catholic College.† Statement of the Problem. This study will aim to determine the effects of reward and punishment on the motivation to study of fourth year Psychology students of Pasig Catholic College. This study will specifically try to answer the following questions: 1. Does the knowledge of future rewards help motivate a student to study? 2. Does the prospect of being punished give motivation for a student to study? 3. Which is a more effective motivator: the prospect of a reward or the fear of being punished? Hypothesis There is no significant relationship between the prospect of receiving a reward and a student’s motivation to study. There is no significant relationship between the prospect of being punished and a student’s motivation to study. Significance ofShow MoreRelatedMotivation is defined as an inner drive that encourages action or feeling towards a desired goal.1300 Words   |  6 Pages Motivation is defined as an inner drive that encourages action or feeling towards a desired goal. It is moving forward and not staying static. A person’s efforts are energized, directed and sustained towards achieving their goal. It is a basic desire which begins with a physiological or psychological need which triggers a behaviour that is aimed at a goal or incentive. For example hunger motivates the need for food. Desires and goals are the inherent strength that drives us to moveRead MoreStudents Attitudes And Behaviors Towards Learning And Managing A Classroom1508 Words   |  7 Pageschallenges regarding their students’ attitudes and behaviours towards learning and managing a classroom. Teachers have an important role to play in creating a positive classroom environment that is conducive to learni ng, keeping their students engaged and motivated to learn. There are many factors that contribute to a students’ level of interest and engagement in learning and teachers have little control over these factors (Lumsden, 1994). Teachers can influence student motivation by using certain practicesRead MoreMost Effective Form of Instrumental Conditioning in Teaching Someone An Exercise Routine1477 Words   |  6 Pagesto this learning situation. As part of the analysis the learning situation will be described, the paper will compare and contrast the concepts of positive and negative reinforcement as related to learning situation, and explain the role of reward and punishment in learning an exercise routine. Finally, the paper will explain which form of instrumental conditioning would be most effective in teaching someone an exercise routine. Instrumental conditioning is the learning procedure that believes thatRead MoreThe Motivation Of The Deaf1463 Words   |  6 Pagesschedule and researchers about the motivation of the deaf in the cl assroom. The literature review aimed at highlighting on motivational theories that have been over the years in most educational systems to motivate both the hearing and the hearing-impaired learners. The issues discussed are the study objectives, and they are categorized under; Main review, summary, theoretical and conceptual frameworks. 2.2 Main review Almost all motivation theorists believe that motivation is required for the performanceRead MorePsychology Punishment and Reward1356 Words   |  6 PagesPunishment and Reward Kathryn Brady 538/PSYCH September 12, 2010 Jacqueline Peterson How behavior is selected, reinforced, and motivated is an essential question in psychology. What makes a behavior more likely than a different behavior? There is a lack of agreement among psychologists as to what processes create behavior. The descriptions of motivation are varied and the process by which motivation is created is firmly rooted in two distinct camps: extrinsic motivation and intrinsicRead MoreLearning Theories, Motivation And Engagement Constructivism And Humanist Approach1667 Words   |  7 Pagesin their work †¦Ã¢â‚¬  (EYLF p.11). 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Students who are intrinsically motivated are more likely to engageRead MoreIntroduction. Memory And Its Functions Have Always Fascinated1676 Words   |  7 Pagesto have garnered a significant amount of attention: motivation (in the form of rewards) and learning methods. Each has been researched separately and extensively for its respective effects on memory but little research has been conducted on the two factors in conjunction with one another. This study’s goal was to examine these two factors, in relation to memory, and determine if an interaction among them exists. Motivation, in the form of rewards, has been well documented by past research. In twoRead MoreComparison of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs with Skinners Behaviorist Theory1587 Words   |  7 Pageswith Skinners Behaviorist Theory The definition of motivation according to Dictionary.com is: â€Å"The reason or reasons one has for acting or behaving in a particular way; the general desire or willingness of someone to do something.† Where it gets confusing is in the reason for behaving a certain way. What is it that causes a person to perform a task? Is it something that comes from deep inside of the person or is it a means to an end a reward? Let’s delve into some theories that can show possibleRead MoreOperant Conditioning And Its Effect On Behavior1380 Words   |  6 Pagesconditioning refers to the method of learning to occur through rewards and punishment for behavior (Staddon Cerutti 2002). In the operant condition, an association occurs between the behavior and the consequences of the behavior. Behaviorist B.F Skinner coined operant conditioning, and that is why some refer to it as Skinnerian conditioning. Skinner started studying operant conditioning in the late 1920s when he was a gra duate student at Harvard University. As a behaviorist B.F Skinner believes that

Saturday, December 21, 2019

Microsoft Case Study Windows Vista Essay - 847 Words

Over six billion dollars spent producing one of the worlds’ largest technological projects in history; Windows Vista. In 2007, Microsoft finally launched their new operating system years behind their proposed schedule and billions over budget. This essay will cover aspects over Microsofts arrangements with the development and sale of Windows vista in a monopolist market and the effects it would have if it was in a competitive market, discuss why PC’s are in a more competitive market compared to operating systems and diminishing profit of the ogolisitic market computer chip giants; AMD and Intel created. Being a monopoly, Microsoft is turning over a huge profit from retailers buying Windows Vista for a wholesale cost and marking the price†¦show more content†¦The PC market is extremely competitive. A competitive market, describes markets â€Å"in which there are enough buyers and sellers so that each has no impact on market prices† (Principles of Economics, Joshua Gans, Steven King, Robin Stonecash, N. Gregory Mankiw, 2012). Firms in the PC industry compete against each other to develop computers for multiple uses in varying price ranges, according to the specifications of the products, thus creating a market in which there are no over-ruling market powers. This market largely depends on Microsoft’s operating systems due to being a monopoly in the operating system market. With the introduction of Windows Vista on these new PC’s being developed, â€Å"Analysts are expecting a 10% increase in PC sales when compared to last year’s sales† (Tec hnology Sector at Threshold of New World Order, Kevin Allison Chris Nuttall, 2007) it is expected that new firms are to enter the market to produce PC’s. 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Friday, December 13, 2019

Observing Mitosis Free Essays

Lab Report ?3 Title:Observing Mitosis By Yerkebulan Yesbolatov Biology course, tutorial group I October 18, 2012 Lab partner: Azhar Zhaisanova Introduction Experiment is intend to show mitotic stage of cell cycle, phases of mitotic stage, to define predominance in the number of each phases over the others, if it is possible. Objectivity of lab is to observe the different phases of mitotic stage of cell cycle, to get skills for special technique( by using orcein ethanoic stain) designed for making slide enable to observe mitotic stage of cell cycle. The tip of Garlic bulb’s root is suspected to be relevant for that, for observing the cell cycle. We will write a custom essay sample on Observing Mitosis or any similar topic only for you Order Now Aim To observe cell cycle in definite stage-in this experiment mitosis. To get knowledge of which phase is predominate in cell cycle. Precautions During the procedure it is need to wear eye protection cause hydrochloric acid is irritant It is necessary to wear gloves and coat – Toluidine blue is had ability to ingrain. Don’t ingest- it is harmful. It is necessary to wear goggles and avoiding of content with orsein ethanoic stain, cause it corrosive, irritant, causing burns, has ability to irritate by vapour. Also read: What Algae Does a Trypanosome Superficially Resemble In case of making contact immediately necessary to wash with water for 10 minutes. It is necessary to wear eye protection and avoid a skin contact, cause Acetic alcohol is corrosive and highly flammable Methods and Materials First method of staining is cancelled. Second method with 1-st step was provided in advance. First, several root tips was cut off, added to watch glass with acetic alcohol(2cm3) for 10 minutes. Then, specimens transferred to second glass, which contain 5cm3 ice cold water,4-5 minutes are needed to wait after that. Later on specimens, dried off with filter paper. Next step, in order to haven’t damage a specimen ,it was poured with pre-heated hydrochloric acid rather than putting the pattern to test tube and vice versa till 5 minutes. Next step is to repeat step with acetic acid (2cm3) for 10 minutes in a watch glass. After 10 minutes, specimen (one of several) was put to glass slide then poured with 1-2 drops of stain called acetic orcein stain, it should cover whole surface of pattern. Note that to stain the wall would be better to leave specimen in a dye more than 2 minutes. Finally, specimen is covered with coverslip and pushed under the filter paper, put to microscope and observed. Result Question 1 is in separate page Question 2 Number of cells viewed under visible area x400. 43 cells 43Ãâ€"4=172 Table of numbers of cells at field of view Total number of cells| Names of mitosis phases| ? in each stage| 172| Interphase| 138| | Prophase| 28| | Metophase| 3| | Anaphase| 2| | Telephase| 1| Question 3. Percentage in each stage of mitosis Interphase =138172Ãâ€"100%= 80. 232% Prophase =28172Ãâ€"100%=16. 279% Metophase =3172Ãâ€"100%=1. 744% Anaphase =2172Ãâ€"100%=1. 162% Telephase =1172Ãâ€"100%=0. 581% Ranking of stages of cell cycle Interpaseprophasemetaphaseanaphasetelephase As it said, preparation freezed at one time. Most of cells, about 90% of cell and consequently 90% cycle cell spent in interphase, it is proved by findings. Roughly 20 percent, approximately quarter of interphase are taken by prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telephase. Question 4 Mitotic index Mitotic index=28+3+2+1172=34172= 0. 197 Mitotic index enable to find a tendency to grow of cells. It is mean that how cell is divide, at which rate it is reproduces. Question 5 Reliability and validity If centromeres of chromosomes are draw up at equator, we definitely could say it is metaphase, if we see sister chromatids at inverse poles we could say definitely say as it anaphase. A lot of cells are there with round nucleuses that is why it is – prophases. Telephase is differ by starting of dividing of cells. In interphase cells are as they are swallowed, e. c become bigger. Question 6 Safety precautions Wear goggles to avoid contact with orsein ethanoic stain is corrosive, has ability to irritate by vapour Wear gloves – acetic alcohol is corrosive and highly flammable. Question 7 Treatment with hydrochloric acid It enable to stain the specimen of root tip. It can help to break the hydrogen bonds contain in it. Question 8 Reason Cells are in phase of telephase of mitosis or meiosis stage could start. Discussion There was cells with purple chromosomes on a pink background. There was drawn the each phases of mitosis to make easier the differentiation of phases cause is sometimes difficult to differ. At the beginning, when final stage of slide preparation was done, there was problem, three times with its observing-the image wasn’t enough pure to see a cells in mitosis stage. Cause could be wrong decay of specimen during the pressing. It should be taken into care that pressing of stained specimen should be strong to make image more clear and transparent. To define the number of cells visible t point of view (image which enable objective to see during reviewing without changing the position) of microscope it was calculated the quarter of circle row by row cause cells are not same, so rows are not same. Defining of microscope’s point of view is necessary for further calculating the percentage of each phase of mitosis. So, quarter of visible cells was equal to 43. These ce lls was multiplied to four. To tell every phase of mitosis:138 of interphases,28 prophases,3 metaphases,2 anaphases, 1 telephase. As shown in calculations, abundance are correspond as follows: Interphase=80. 32; Prophase=16. 279% ;Metophase=1. 744% ; Anaphase=1. 162% Telephase=0. 581% ; As we see interphase is equal to roughly 80%,however in book there was claim that interphase spend 90% of cell cycle. From this point could be proposed that root grown in favorable condition as it is known that in interphase cell is phase of rash activity, cell copy own DNA and energy is create for further mitosis. As shown in mitotic index formula, numerator contain only cells with visible chromosomes, that is mean that interphase is not taken to consideration. Mitotic index enable to find a tendency to grow of cells. It is mean that how cell is divide, at which rate it is reproduces. In this experiment mitotic index is equal to 0. 197 Due to fact that there was not mitotic index scale it is difficult to say anything about tendency. In oncology(study of tuour cells) mitotic index has its special calibration, special standards. Error analysis Probability of error may cause the fact that in some case there was nuclear membrane without changing, but nucleoli had already vanished. So, there was probability of error to take to consideration the stage as a interphase and as prophase. Conclusion It is proved that is visible the dividing (in cell cycle) cells with method using a orcein ethanoic stain. Most of time cells a spend for interphase. This is proved by experiment result-80% of cells was at interphase stage. Most of all it is possible or easy to define exactly the stages such as anaphase, metaphase cause it definite characters are allow to do so. The late prophase and beginning of telephase is difficult to differentiate cause processes happened in them are opposite to each other. How to cite Observing Mitosis, Essay examples

Thursday, December 5, 2019

Mona Lisa Smile free essay sample

We can identify functionalist and feminist approaches in movie ‘Mona Lisa Smile. ’ To begin with, functionalism defends that gender differences, which are biologically inherited, between male and female contribute to social harmony and maintenance of family in terms of division of labour. Men and women must carry out such tasks which are corresponded to their sexuality. According to this, women should concentrate on home and family relationships while men perform outside as a â€Å"breadwinner†. In movie, we can see that girls are grown to provide great comfort, care and security to their husbands and children. Despite their well-education and brightness, they also believe that the systematical functionalist idea: â€Å"the roles you were born to fill. † The fact that â€Å"no woman chooses to live without home† is general sight of these girls, especially the best advocator of this: Betty Warren. Betty, her mother and many conservative women called women’s tasks as a wife and mother: ‘to work for Lady Liberty’. We will write a custom essay sample on Mona Lisa Smile or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page They believe that ‘it is their duty and obligation to make good enough their place in the home and have an influence on children that will carry their traditions into the future’ which is the greatest reflection of functionalism approach. Also, Betty Warren is opponent of free way of thinking. For example, she always discusses with her friend Giselle and blames her because of her lax moral and she leads to fire of Amanda with her article in school newspaper by revealing Amanda’s contraceptive supply to students as a school nurse. According to her, these kinds of behaviors are not conformable to a woman’s nature and future expectation. In contrast; feminism advocates that there should not be discrimination between male and female and their division of labour that is resulted from their sexual characteristics. It also opposes to dependence of women to their husbands’ life. According to this approach, women should not accept the men’s exploitation on their free domestic labour in the home. Katherine Watson, the instructor of art history, is defender of feminism in movie. Although all faculties criticize her way of life and perception of independency of women, she continues to live as she believes. She also encourages the students to see their potential to be independent women. According to her, women’s life should not be shaped around marriage because women can form their family and business life at the same time. With her strong belief and slide show that reveals some newspaper advertisements which are related to the role of women in society, she affected many of her students, even Betty. In summary, both approaches can be identified with their representatives in movie.