Analysis Chaos in Jurassic Park Essay Example for Free

Analysis Chaos in Jurassic Park Essay Jurassic Park: Absurd Chaos The main story of Jurassic Park written by Michael Crichton is about genetically cloned dinosaurs who break loose. Confusion and complete disorder occurs throughout the story of Jurassic Park. In the story, the theme of chaos is unpredictably built in the humans lives. Dr. Ian Malcolm predicts that having dinosaurs in Isa Nubla will cause disaster. If the animals are released to the island, they will be a liability because they will disrespect nature. Malcolm is the most famous mathematician who predicts chaos countless of times in the park. The reeding of dinosaurs are the main cause that create chaos and destructs Jurassic Park. Malcolm foresees that the creation of dinosaurs is not a smart idea, for it can cause unpredicted behavior. Malcolm is a scientist who is outgoing, egoistic and has the knowledge to create new ideas. Malcolm states that it is an attempt to recreate a natural environment from the past (Crichton 92). Dinosaurs are known to be as an ancient species that only existed long ago. Having the idea creating dinosaurs in Jurassic Park is bizarre to humans. Nature is the biggest problem Jurassic Park has at becoming successful. Having the idea of using the dinosaurs as the park entertainment on an island is Just sounds like a major trap under no circumstance. Malcolms calculation has gradually built up the story more precise. As stated by Dr. Malcolm in the book, he said Life will find a way(139). He meant that the dinosaurs will find a way to live the way they want. This is something that scientists didnt think about when they brought dinosaurs back to life. The scientists didnt think about the way that nature would want to live and decided that they could control it. Dr. Malcolm uses the chaos theory to predict the collapse of the park. In the beginning of the book Malcolm is introduced to the story. One of the first things Dr. Malcolm talks about is the chaos theory. In the first conversation with him in the book Malcolm said, Theory tells me that the island will quickly proceed to behave in unpredictable fashion(76). What Malcolm means by this is that without even visiting the park he can say that it will fail. Dr. Malcolm is a problem in the story because convinces other people that Jurassic Park is a bad idea. Dinosaurs represent unnatural habitats to the current society. However Hammond, a billionaire developer, decides to breed dinosaurs in the park. Dr. Hammonds main conceptual idea is to earn a lot of money from the rich tourists so he can build more Jurassic Parks in other countries. He is self centered, greedy and stubborn who is unaware that dinosaurs can ultimately cause destruction. Crichton writes, miou know whats wrong with scientific power? Its a form of inherited wealth. And you know what assholes congenitally rich people are (122). This shows that Hammonds objective is to gain wealth and not for the sake of saving the environment. He is blind to the fact that recreating dinosaurs will only bring negativity to the current world. Creating more dinosaurs will undoubtedly ring chaos to the park. The cloning of dinosaurs starts from John Hammond. Hammond hired scientists and doctors to make his creation come true. In particular, a scientist named Dr. Wu, a young graduate and whom Hammond hires is beginning work. Dr. Wus objective is to control the number is reproduce dinosaurs in the park. By doing so, he thought that putting genetically mortified frog DNA into the missing DNA in dinosaurs will stop dinosaurs reproduction, but in reality, doing this enables the dinosaurs DNA to switch genders and have the ability to reproduce. Furthermore, Crichton writes, All major changes are like death. You cant see to the other side until you are there. (167). After he changed the DNA, the dinosaurs kept reproducing and Dr. Wu and his team had no control over the number of reproduced dinosaurs. Malcolm mentions, All major changes are like death. You cant see to the other side until you are there. (175). This is where chaos and unnatural catastrophe begins in Jurassic Park. Before the grand opening of the Jurassic Park, Malcolm anticipates that having unnatural species is a tragic demise to Jurassic Park, known as the Malcolm Effect. The Malcolm Effect theory is when the island will quickly roceed to behave in unpredictable fashion There is a problem with that island. It is an accident waiting to happen. (84). Overtime Malcolms prediction begins appear later on in the story. The author writes, Living systems are never in equilibrium. They are inherently unstable. They may seem stable, but theyre not. Everything is moving and changing. In a sense, everything is on the edge of collapse (164). Drastic changes occur when the dinosaurs begin to reproduce and when Malcolm and Hammond engage in an argument. Hammond is relieved that the animals did not get free and overrun the world. Malcolm says that the world cannot be demolished by humans creation. Due to the major problem of dinosaurs breeding, dinosaurs are eager to break loose from the Jurassic Park and begin to overpopulate the island In Malcolms calculation it says, Life breaks free. Life expands to new territories(160). Malcolm thinks Jurassic Park has inherent instability or that it is impossible to control even when the analysis is carried out using computer models. The story considers dinosaurs as the most interesting creatures that anyone has ever witnessed. For example, t-rexs, tyrannasaurs, velocipators and triceratops are the ypes of dinosaurs that are chaotic because they use techniques to kill their prey. The way they use the skills to kill the humans were unique because velociraptor works as a communicative group. Many Raptors may have hunted in packs, often ranging in large numberings. They have a primitive level of vocalization, which enables them to direct attacks and call for help. They are also able to set traps. All the dinosaurs have a right skill sets that can cause chaos. Stubborn scientist, dinosaurs breeding cause chaos. Problems add up and there is not anything that will stop it. Dr. Malcom, Dennis Nedry and the way of nature all caused things to go wrong. There is not any way to control nature. As Ian Malcolm incorporated chaos theory into his calculations, all of these events were predicted in one way or another. The count of animals was much higher than expected due to reproducing. Animals are able to escape due to the fences when being powered off by Denis Nedry. Systems began to fail and caused substantial problems throughout the book. Ian Malcolm had it right, Chaos theory proves that unpredictability is built into our daily lives. (313). There is not any way to control nature. No one can stop chaos once it begins.

Analysing the Payback Period when making an investment

Analysing the Payback Period when making an investment Payback Period is the length of time required before the total of the cash inflows received from the project is equal to the original cash outlay i.e. the length of time the investment takes to return its initial capital. In yet another definition, it is the ratio of initial fixed investment over annual net cash flows. The decision criterion is that if the payback period is less than some minimal accepted payback period that is set as a threshold, the proposal is accepted. If the period is more than the cut-off period, the project is rejected. For ranking decisions, projects with shorter payback periods get preference over those that take longer. The following is the formula for calculating the payback period; Payback period = Year before full recovery + Unrecovered cost at start of the year Of the original investment Total cash flow in year The payback criterion is a rough measure of risk. It reflects the liquidity of a project and therefore the more liquid the project the higher the chance of recovering the initial investment. A project with short payback period but with a low rate of return is preferred over projects with long payback period and high rate of return reason being that the firm may be in need of quick returns of its invested cash. This is the reason behind its preference by firms with liquidity problems. Payback period is the investment appraisal method of choice for firms that produce products that are prone to obsolescence. Since these products last for only a year or two years, their payback period must be short for the firm to have recouped its initial capital. It is therefore preferred in situations when time is of relatively high importance. The method is easy to understand and the calculation involves simplified steps. It only considers the net cash flows and cumulating them to determine when they equal the cost of the project. It automatically adjusts for the uncertainty of later cash flows by ignoring them. the main interest is only the initial capital and the time taken to that point hence cash flows generated after the payback period arent considered. In spite of the above advantages, payback period has some drawbacks. The method fails to consider the cash flows after the payback period and consequently not ideal viable for measuring the actual profitability of a project. It also does not take into account the magnitude or timing of recoveries during the payback period and considers the recovery period as a whole. This is particularly bad since most investments tend to have lower cash flows in earlier years and higher cash flows as the project matures. The payback period ignores the time value of money. This implies that it ignores financing costs of investments. Time value of money is essential in considering the productivity of a project because it considers present cash flows as equal to future ones. The method ignores the scale of investment and recommends an arbitrary cut-off point. There is no objectivity in establishing cut-off points across different firms thus bringing inconsistency. This is not to add that quick payback does not necessarily mean good investment. The method discriminates against long-term projects such as research and development and new product development. These types of projects normally require huge initial outlays and take long to give returns and yet they are so critical to any firm interested in enhancing its competitiveness in the industry. In addition, it does not have an inherent mechanism to highlight differences in investments useful life. Such differences are very essential and relying on payback can lead to incorrect decisions. Despite the disadvantages of the payback method, it is widely used in practice though often only as a supplement to more sophisticated methods. It is favored because of its simplicity and most investors take it as the conventional one. Net Present Value Net Present Value (NPV) is the difference between the value of an investment and its cost. It represents the economic worth of the project in terms of todays dollar. A zero NPV means that the project cash flows are enough to repay the invested funds and provide the required rate of return on such capital. For positive NPV projects, excess cash accrues to shareholders and therefore their position is improved. Positive NPV projects result in an increase in the market price of ordinary shares while negative NPV projects cause erosion of shareholders wealth. It is calculated as; Present value of future net cash flows (PV) Initial investment (Io). The decision a criterion is that if the sum of these discounted cash flows is equal or greater than zero the project is accepted. Otherwise, the project is not accepted. In the case of mutually exclusive projects, the project with the highest NPV if it is positive gets acceptance. That way, the shareholders wealth is boosted to a maximum. Advantages The method uses the relevant cost approach by concentrating only on incremental cash flows. It measures the shortfalls or excess of cash flows and assumes that the cash flows obtained are reinvested is at the present rate of return. This is more appropriate in conditions of capital rationing. The result represents increase to a shareholders wealth expressed in present-day terms. The method considers the time value of money. This is important because cash flows obtained today are not the same as those obtained five years from now. This is because the method considers the time value of money and the relevant cash flows uses the cost of capital of the company as a discounting factor. Additionally, it considers cash flows for the entire project life. It is thus more comprehensive and reliable in appraising long-term projects. However, the results and procedures involved in calculating NPV arent easily understood by nonprofessionals. The cost of capital is difficult to calculate especially due to the effect of inflation and the fact that some industries lack sufficient data to base their calculations. The method requires a detailed long-term forecast of a projects cash flows, which is a very subjective exercise. Twice limited should consider using NPV in their appraisal because as compared to other capital appraisals, it expresses in absolute terms the expected economic contribution of the project. Its results shows the present worth in future cash flows after discounting them with the firms cost of capital. Assessing the five projects Under the payback period, the five proposals for the new holiday are as follows. Climb project The initial investment is 1,760,000 Year Net cash flows Cumulative cash flows 2011  £1,040,000.00 1,040,000.00 2012  £ 780,000.00 1,820,000.00 2013  £ 520,000.00 2,340,000.00 Payback period = 1+ (1,760,000-1,040,000)/780,000 = 1.92 years Paddle project Initial investment is 1,640,000 Year Net cash flows Cumulative cash flows 2011  £ 770,000.00 770,000.00 2012  £ 770,000.00 1,540,000.00 2013  £ 770,000.00 2,310,000.00 Payback period = 2+ (1,640,000-1,540,000)/770,000 = 2.13 years Rappel project Initial investment is 1,130,000 Year Net cash flows Cumulative cash flows 2011  £ 740,000.00 740,000.00 2012  £ 240,000.00 980,000.00 2013  £ 590,000.00 1,570,000.00 Payback period = 2+ (1,130,000-980,000)/590,000 = 2.25 years Swim project Initial investment is 1,030,000 Year Net cash flows Cumulative cash flows 2011  £ 480,000.00 480,000.00 2012  £ 480,000.00 960,000.00 2013  £ 480,000.00 1,440,000.00 Payback period = 2+ (1,030,000-960,000)/480,000 = 2.15 years Float project Initial investment is 280,000 Year Net cash flows Cumulative cash flows 2011  £ 100,000.00 100,000.00 2012  £ 130,000.00 230,000.00 2013  £ 100,000.00 330,000.00 Payback period = 2+ (280,000-230,000)/100,000 = 2.5 years The summary of projects payback periods is as follows. Project Number of years Climb 1.92 Paddle 2.13 Rappel 2.25 Swim 2.15 Float 2.50 Based on the ranking decisions, Twice limited should accept and implement paddle holiday project. It has the shortest payback period and this means that the project will recover its initial cost within 1 year and 11 months. Under NPV, the projects net cash flows use the cost of capital as a discounting factor within the period of three years. The general calculation of NPV is Present value of future net cash flows (PV) Initial investment (Io). The following are NPV of the proposals: Climb project Year 2011 2012 2013 Net cash flows  £1,040,000.00  £ 780,000.00  £ 520,000.00 PVIF8%, 3 0.9259 0.8573 0.7938 PV 962,962.96 668,724.28 412,792.77 NPV = [962,962.96 + 668,724.28 + 412,792.77] 1,760,000 = 284,480.01 Paddle project Year 2011 2012 2013 Net cash flows  £ 770,000.00  £ 770,000.00  £ 770,000.00 PVIF8%, 3 0.9259 0.8573 0.7938 PV 712,962.96 660,150.89 611,250.82 NPV = [712,962.96 + 660,150.89 + 611,250.83] 1,640,000 = 344,364.68 Rappel project Year 2011 2012 2013 Net cash flows  £ 740,000.00  £ 240,000.00  £ 590,000.00 PVIF8%, 3 0.9259 0.8573 0.7938 PV 685,185.18 205,761.31 468,361.02 NPV = [685,185.19 + 205,761.32 + 468,361.02] 1,130,000 = 229,307.52 Swim project Year 2011 2012 2013 Net cash flows  £ 480,000.00  £ 480,000.00  £ 480,000.00 PVIF8%,3 0.9259 0.8573 0.7938 PV 444444.44 411522.63 381039.47 NPV = [444,444.44 + 411,522.63 + 381,039.47]- 1,030,000 = 207,006.55 Float project Year 2011 2012 2013 Net cash flows  £ 100,000.00  £ 130,000.00  £ 100,000.00 PVIF8%, 3 0.9259 0.8573 0.7938 PV 92592.59 111454.04 79383.22 NPV = [92,592.59 +11,454.04 + 79,383.22] = 3,429.86 Twice limited should accept Paddle holiday project because it ranks the highest NPV of  £ 344,364.68. This indicates that after proper analysis of the net cash inflow, paddle project would generate over the three the above value and shareholder wealth will be improved. According to the payback period, climb project has the shortest recovery period and if the company was only using it for capital appraisal, the Twice limited could accept. NPV is more realistic because it considers time value of money as it discounts the net cash flows. The result shows the present value of a particular project in present-day using future cash flows. NPV method is regarded as superior in terms of project appraisal and Twice limited have to accept paddle project and discard climb project as proposed by payback period.

Reservior Dogs Essay -- essays research papers

Joe Egan and Gerry Rafferty were a duo known as Stealers Wheel when they recorded a Dylanesque pop hit, "Stuck in the Middle With You", in April of 1974. The single reached number five on the charts - little did they know that eighteen years later it would become a cult favorite. In 1992 Quentin Tarantino, a little known writer/director, took the Cannes film festival and the world by surprise with his motion picture Reservoir Dogs. The movie is about the difficulties that occur when five "master" criminals are hired by a crime king pin named Joe to pull off the biggest diamond heist of the century. Stuck right in the middle of the movie, the Egan/Rafferty hit is played as a introduction to one of the best or worst torture seens ever in the history of movies. It depends on how you look at it. I'll set-up the scene in the movie where it is being played, try and follow me... The five criminals hired go by color-coded names . During the heist the cops show and things got out of control. Two of the robbers were shot and killed after Mr. Blonde, the "on the edge" gangster started shooting up the place when an employee triggered the alarm. Mr. White and Mr. Orange (an undercover cop) escaped the scene and headed for the hideout where all the men were supposed to meet. On the way to the hideout Mr. Orange was shot, he was bleeding severely but the injury was not life threatening. Shortly after their arrival, Mr. Pink met with them and they all anxiousley waited for Mr. Blonde. Mr. Blonde, acting cool and unaffected by the mornings events, made his entrance. After being questioned by Mr. White about why he went psycho in the store, Mr. Blonde called them out to see a "surprise" he had in his trunk. Mr. Blonde in an effort to find out how the police heard about the robbery in advance had kidnapped a police officer. They carried the man into the warehouse and after tying him to a chair Mr. White and Mr. Pink commenced beating the hell out of him. They Asked him to tell how the police knew of the heist, he said he knew nothing and after beating on him some more, Nice Guy Eddie came in. He was Joe's son and told Mr. White and Mr. Pink that they would have to come with him to ditch the cars. Mr. Blonde was told to stay and keep an eye on the... ...t's about as cinematic a thing as you can do. You're really doing what movies do better than any other art form. It works in this visceral, emotional, cinematic way that's special. And when you do it right and you hit it right, then you can never really hear that song again without thinking about that image from the movie. That's what comercials are counting on, but it never quite works with commercials. The thing is, once a movie has done that with a song, as far as I'm concerned that movie owns it. I mean, they've used "Stand By Me" so many times, but to me the one that used "Stand By Me" that way was The Wanderers. They play "Stand By Me" as the lead character, Ken Wahl, realizes that JFK has been shot. And it's perfect." I couldn't agree more with what Tarentino is saying. His movies especially draw upon music to make the scenes flow together in a surreal, inspiring style. What more can a movie connoisseur like myself ask for in a movie? As Tarentino says "Stand By Me" is perfect in The Wanderers, I say "Stuck in the Middle With You" is perfect in Resovoir Dogs.

The Roseto Mystery and Outliers :: Literary Analysis

The ideas presented in Outliers are surprisingly aligned with my own. It makes sense to me that a person’s success isn’t all about ability and his or her individual merit. In the past I have reflected upon my successes to find that I was not alone while achieving them. I have been given tremendous opportunities in life. I have always challenged my own definitions, and I like the spin Malcolm Gladwell puts on his. â€Å"The Roseto Mystery† makes me want to go knock on my neighbor’s doors. I am not saying that I have the courage to do so, but I certainly would like to. I tend to be pessimistic when it comes to meeting new people. Wolf’s conclusions are helping me tip the scale the other way, seeing the glass half full. If people in Roseto truly lived longer, happier, healthier lives due to the involvement in their community, then I am tempted to summon the nerve to do the same. Chapter 1 has familiarity in my life. In the 8th Grade my father moved us to the Midwest from Southern California; culture shock! Dad decided that I should play football at the Junior High, after all my cousin played on the team, and so did my father when he was in school. Most of the other players were a minimum of one year older than me. It is common practice for parents to hold their boys back a year to start school; this gives the boys a size advantage in sports. By the time adolescence rolls around, one year makes a big difference in a young man’s size. Also, I was born in November; not a prime year for sports league cut-offs. When it came playing football, I was severely outsized by my teammates. Due to my experience, I tend to agree with having sports league try-outs split into semesters or trimesters to allow the same opportunities available to more players. Of course the logic in Chapter 2 is easy to agree with; I really agree with the ideas about opportunities the most. Chances at success are scarce. As the population grows chances become increasingly scarce.

Chlorine Essay -- essays research papers fc

Chlorine Chlorine is (at room temperature) a greenish-yellow gas that can be readily liquefied at 5170 Tarr or 6.8 atmospheres, at 20 C (68 F), and has a very disagreeable odor. It’s Element Symbol is Cl, atomic number is 17, and atomic mass is 35.453. Chlorine’s melting point is -101 C or 149.8 F. The boiling point is -34.05 C or -29.29 F, at one atmosphere pressure. Chlorine is a member of the halogen group. Chlorine was discovered by Swedish scientist Karl Wilhelm in 1784, but he first thought it was a compound, rather than an element. In 1810, Sir Humphrey Davy named it Chlorine, from the Greek word meaning "greenish-yellow". Chlorine is used in bleaching agents, disinfectants, monomers (plastics), solvents, and pesticides. It is also used for bleaching paper pulp and other organic materials, preparing bromine, (a poisonous element that at room temperature is a dark, reddish-brown), tetraethyl lead, and killing germs in water, particularly in swimming pools and hot tubs. Like every member of the halogen group, chlorine has a tendency to gain one electron and become a chloride ion. Chlorine strongly reacts with metals to form mostly water-soluble chlorides. Chlorine also strongly reacts with nonmetals such as sulfur, phosphorus, and other halogens. If you were to mix hydrogen and chlorine gases and keep them in a cool dark place, the mixture would be stable, but if it were exposed to sunlight, it wo...

Economic and Employment Opportunities of Tourism in Bangladesh : a Study on Bangladesh Parjatan Corporation

Economic and Employment Opportunities of Tourism in Bangladesh : A Study on Bangladesh Parjatan Corporation 1. Prelude The New Millennium and the coming decades are very much crucial for the developing countries to achieve sustainable economic growth. Tourism is considered to be a large income generator of the world economy contributing over 10 percent to Gross Domestic Product (GDP). For at least one third of the developing countries, the tourism receipts are the main source of export revenue and the tourism industry generates sustainable economic benefits to the developing countries. The exceptional growth of tourism over the last 50 years is going to be one of the most remarkable economic and social phenomena of the 21st century. The number of international arrivals shows an evolution from a mere 25 million arrivals in 1950 to the 763 million of 2004 representing an average annual growth rate of more than 7 percent over a period of 50 years – well above the average annual economic growth rate for the same period. Tourism has clearly outperformed all the other sectors of the economy and has grown into the most significant economic activity in the world. The Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report 2007 of World Economic Forum (WEF), which aims to explore the factors and policies driving travel and tourism competitiveness in nations worldwide, has found Bangladesh fourth from the last among 124 countries. Endless neglect to this sector by the successive governments is to blame for the sad situation. Bangladesh has been ranked 120th. Among the neighbors, India is ranked 65th, Sri Lanka 79th, Pakistan 103rd and Nepal 106th. In 2006, the sector generated 10. 3 percent of world gross domestic product (GDP), providing 234 million jobs ; or 8. percent of total world employment. Tourism has many faces, eco-tourism is one of them. Eco-tourism is comparatively a new term in tourism literature. The term â€Å"Eco-tourism† blends â€Å"ecology† and â€Å"tourism† and covers the scope of tourism that draws upon natural, manmade and cultural environments. Eco-tourism came into prominence in the eighties as a strategy for rec onciling conservation with development in ecologically rich areas. Bangladesh Parjatan Corporation (BPC), the National Tourism Organization of the country was established in 1973. It is of earnest importance to evaluate the role played by the BPC over the last 35 years (1973-2007) for the development of tourism industry in Bangladesh and to find out what are the challenges faced by the BPC to develop the tourism industry in Bangladesh and finally to explore the possibilities of economic and employment opportunities of Bangladesh through tourism. No comprehensive study has so far been done in this regard. The proposed research will attempt to fill up this gap. 2. Statement of the Problem The term ‘Tourism’ or ‘Tourist’ was first used as official term in 1937 by the League of Nations. Tourism’ or ‘Tourist’ is a word related to the word ‘tour’ which is derived from the Latin word ‘tornus’ which means a tool for describing a circle or a turner’s wheel. It is from this word, that the notion of a ‘round tour’ or a ‘package tour’ has become popular. Many countries view tourism as part of their development strategy and as an economic alternative to traditional economic sectors such as agriculture and industry. Rapid development in the means of transport and communication has made the world into practically one single neighborhood. There are several benefits from tourism. Tourism plays a sizeable role in national prosperity. The foreign exchange earnings earned by the industry increase foreign exchange reserves and positively affect the balance of payments. Tourism has become the third source of foreign exchange earner, after ready-made garments industry and gems and jewelries. In 2006, the Government of Bangladesh has earned 5000 million taka from this sector. Tourism generates employment opportunities in many sectors, particularly in remote and backward areas. It is highly labor intensive and it offers employment opportunities to skilled and unskilled workers alike. Tourism has a tremendous employment potential, both direct (travel agents, transport operators, hotels, guides) and indirect (handicrafts, increased demands for foods, clothes, etc. ). According to the Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report 2007 of World Economic Forum (WEF), in Bangladesh tourism contributes 1. 5 percent to the GDP and it provides 1. 2 percent employment opportunity of the total employment. Tourism can also stimulate investments in new infrastructure, much of which helps to improve the living conditions of local citizens. The development goals of the government is to create infrastructure facilities on par with international standards. Proceeds from tourism help to maintain and develop the already existing infrastructural facilities. Tourism offers enormous scope for properly maintaining monuments, palaces, natural attractions etc. In addition to the economic benefits, travel opportunities promote social and political understanding among nations and cultures. People belonging to different cultures and social backgrounds come together to break down prejudices and inhibitions that too often exist among ethnically and sociological diverse groups. The benefits of tourism are especially important for a developing country like Bangladesh. Both from economic and social points of view, tourism can play an important role in Bangladesh’s development. The World Tourism Organization estimates that the total number of international tourists will reach about one billion in 2010. South Asian country currently captures only one percent of this market, but the number of international tourists is expected to grow by 7. 2 percent per annum between 2000-2010. With this perspective the necessary growth stimulus and arrangements are largely absent in Bangladesh. Under the circumstances, what BPC and private sector can jointly perform in near future in boosting up this vital sector of our economy is a big question. This study is undertaken to have some answers to this question. 2. 1Definition of Key Terms For this study there are three key terms such as opportunity, tourism and the BPC. The key terms are defined below: Opportunity A time or occasion that is suitable for a certain purpose; a favorable combination of circumstances. It can also be defined as a favorable or advantageous circumstance or combination of circumstances. Tourism has two types of opportunities such as economic and employment opportunities. Tourism Tourism is a service based industry comprising a number of tangible and intangible elements. The tangible elements include transport, foods and beverages, tours, souvenirs and accommodation, while the intangible elements involve education, culture, adventure or simply escape and relaxation. It can be defined as the act of travel for the purpose of recreation, and the provision of services for this act. Tourism means the business of providing accommodation and services for people visiting a people. BPC Bangladesh Parjatan Corporation (BPC), the National Tourism Organization of the country was established in 1973. It is an autonomous organization and has been placed under the Ministry of Civil Aviation and Tourism. It has the dual responsibility of development of related tourist facilities and promotional activities to project the tourist products thus to create a favorable image of the country. 2. 2BPC and Its Structure 2. 2. 1Emergence of BPC Bangladesh Parjatan Corporation (BPC), the National Tourism Organization of the country was established in 1973. It is an autonomous organization and has been placed under the Ministry of Civil Aviation and Tourism. 2. 2. 2Structure of BPC The Governing Body of BPC consists of a full-time Chairman and minimum two and maximum four Directors. At present, one Chairman and three Directors are employed in the organization. 2. 2. 3Objectives of BPC The objectives of BPC are as follows: †¢To introduce Bangladesh globally as a top tourist destination and develop its tourism prospects and facilities. †¢To establish tourism infrastructure in Bangladesh. †¢To develop, expand and promote tourism business. To create tourism awareness among the people. †¢To establish institutes for instruction and training of potential tourism personnel. †¢To publish tourism publications. 2. 2. 4National Tourism Policy The National Tourism Policy was declared in 1992. Its main objectives are: ? To create interest in tourism among the people ?To preserve, protect, develop and maintain tourism resource s ? To take steps for poverty-alleviation through creating employment ? To build a positive image of the country abroad ?To open up a recognized sector for private capital investment ? To arrange entertainment and recreation ?To strengthen national solidarity and integrity. In line with the policy, the Government provides incentives to attract private sectors partners. The incentives include tax-holiday, loans, concession rates for taxes and duties and in specific cases, allotment of land etc. 2. 2. 5Tourist Arrivals Foreign tourist arrivals in Bangladesh has been showing an upward trend in the recent years. Statistics of the last 10 years are presented below: Table 1:Foreign Visitors Arrival by Months (1996-2005) Month1996199719981999200020012002200320042005 January15609176001448517663231602554823711221932367020213 February13011164901980014022187302072416152190412501215848 March9878174851739415323159822006217898165062426219853 April11112144531814313730149761921615372152992317316234 May12402147881316913430156471592615771179961495918535 June11178133111207612484142121660615754218672302017496 July14016128301247513688148091551714345229572699119773 August13282134841134813016133991673914315190412193815292 September1226312468998611529128741101513022179681986013166 October15582156881512717126158551305318601234982178515568 November15827169711390915388194891526517136210282720818399 December21727168521404915380200781752825169271151939217285 Total165887182420171961172779199211207199207246244509271270207662 percentage Change6. 189. 97-5. 730. 4815. 34. 010. 0217. 9810. 94-23. 45 Source:Special Branch From Table-1, we can say that the foreign visitors are increasing day by day. But total percent is changing. In 1996, total percent change was 6. 18 perc ent. In 1997, it was increased to 9. 97 percent. But in 1998, it was negative for example –5. 73 percent. In 2005, it was also negative like –23. 45 percent. Figure 1:Foreign Visitors Arrival by Months (1996-2005) From Figure 1, we can say that as per foreign visitors’ arrival by months, January is the peak season of foreign tourists and September is the dull season. Figure 2 : Foreign Visitors Arrival 1996-2005 From Figure 2, we can say that 2004 is the highest year in the context of foreign visitors arrival. The year 1996 is the lowest. 2. 2. 6Foreign Exchange Earnings from Tourism and Other Travels Table 2:Foreign Exchange Earnings from Tourism & Other Travels (1996-2005) Month1996199719981999200020012002200320042005 January70. 20231. 80351. 20184. 90227. 80273. 80297. 50259. 00457. 00450. 42 February73. 40106. 50146. 00224. 90261. 60218. 10260. 60327. 00393. 70502. 73 March81. 30142. 60302. 70255. 30230. 90196. 10336. 20355. 90425. 90468. 50 April84. 20130. 50170. 60207. 20234. 00219. 00312. 50241. 10309. 40335. 56 May121. 80182. 90161. 70172. 30210. 70240. 50282. 70226. 30305. 00347. 95 June137. 10172. 20176. 80182. 70193. 10221. 70313. 00288. 00279. 70301. 23 July98. 10156. 70167. 50167. 00234. 80207. 10267. 50302. 30303. 60296. 98 August111. 40145. 20192. 50182. 80129. 30170. 50251. 50232. 00285. 90354. 61 September99. 40692. 80154. 50179. 70218. 10193. 0245. 90217. 30293. 10334. 14 October157. 40256. 10167. 30186. 10239. 40187. 00205. 00265. 10247. 90332. 67 November176. 50253. 20245. 50280. 50234. 50234. 80277. 70224. 20250. 42324. 45 December190. 40270. 90215. 50218. 50212. 80291. 80262. 5371. 80415. 94444. 65 Total1401. 202741. 42451. 82441. 926272653. 83312. 633103967. 64493. 9 Percentag e Change46. 6995. 65-10. 45-0. 127. 141. 0224. 82-0. 08-19. 8713. 37 Million $33. 5962. 4552. 3749. 9550. 3747. 5657. 2156. 9866. 8270. 01 Source: Special Branch From Table 2, we can say that 2005 is the highest foreign exchange earnings year from tourism and other travels and the year 1996 is the lowest. Table-2 shows that the foreign exchange earnings is gradually increasing day by day. Figure 2:Foreign Exchange Earnings from Tourism & Other Travels (1996-2005) From Figure 3, we can say that February, 2005 is the highest foreign exchange earnings month. Figure 3:Foreign Exchange Earnings from Tourism & Other Travels (1996-2005) From Figure 4, we can say that 2005 is the highest foreign earnings year and 1996 is the lowest. 2. 3Panorama of Tourism in Bangladesh Bangladesh is a combination of verdant forests, riverine countrysides, and long stretches of sun-bathed beaches, fearsome wildness, meandering rivers and magnificent world’s largest mangrove forest. Bordering the Bay of Bengal stands this magical tapestry in green with all the glory of its past and the splendid colors of its natural present. These unique products possess a great potential for environment friendly tourism. The country is home to the Royal Bengal Tigers, leopards, Asiatic elephants, monkeys, langur, gibbons (the only ape in the subcontinent), otters and mongooses. Reptiles include the sea tortoise, mud turtle, river tortoise, pythons, crocodiles, gharials and a variety of snakes. There are more than 600 species of birds, including the Paradise Flycatcher and the most spectacular kingfishers and fishing eagles. 2. 3. 1 Scope of Tourism in Bangladesh Bangladesh has many attractive spots from the viewpoint of tourism. These spots are divided into two categories based on nature and culture. Natural Areas Under this category the first one is the unique and magnificent Sundarbans Mangrove Forest, which is the world’s largest mangrove forest and the home of the world renowned Royal Bengal Tiger, the most ferocious predatory animal on earth. As being the World Natural Heritage declared by the UNESCO, this mangrove forest now belongs not only to Bangladesh, but also to the whole world, though the responsibility to protect the forest lies with Bangladesh. Among the other spots, Chittagong hill districts are mentionable where 13 tribal groups live in an area of about 2592. 1 square kilometers. The biodiversity and natural beauties of the hilly areas along with the different customs and traditions of the localities could be an attractive subject to the tourists. Besides the Sundarbans, numerous mighty rivers, paddy fields stretched up to the horizon, picturesque tea gardens and Chittagong Hill Tracts, St. Martin’s Island, Rangamati and Kaptai Lake are also potential tourism products on their own attraction. Cultural Areas In this category the 14th century pre-Mogul period Shat Gambuz Mosque at Bagerhat has been declared as a world heritage by UNESCO in 1985. Besides, our pre-Mogul and Mogul period mosques, Hindu temples and ancient Buddhist monasteries have great appeal to the eco-tourists, who like cultural heritage. The 8th century Paharpur Buddhist Monastery in Naogaon, another world heritage declared by UNESCO, is the single largest Buddhist monastery in the world. Whereas Borobodhur in Indonesia which is half of the size of Paharpur Monastery earns no less than us $ 500 million per annum; in the latter case the scenario is completely opposite of Bangladesh only for well publicity. Moreover, the ancient civilizations like Mohasthangar in Bogra, ancient Buddhist Monasteries and stupas/temples in Mainamoti, pre-Mogul period Kusumba Mosque in Rajshahi, Chhoto Sona Mosque of the same period in Chapai Nababganj, Lalbagh Kella in Dhaka, Govinda Shiva and Jagannath Temples in Rajshahi can also be world heritage sites. Above all, the multi-faceted folk heritage enriched by its ancient animist, Buddhist, Hindu and Muslim roots, weaving, pottery, and terracotta sculpture are some of the earliest forms of artistic expressions to attract the sustainable tourists. 2. 3. 2 Necessary Steps Required for the Tourist Spots Although in Bangladesh we have some world-class tourism spots both natural and cultural, unfortunately all the spots are almost unknown to the foreign tourists and consequently are not attracted by them. In the following part the steps for developing nature-based and culture-based spots are mentioned respectively. 2. 3. 3 Nature-based Tourist Spots Mangrove Forest of Sundarbans deserves attention from the tourists. Necessary steps should be taken so that the tourism organization worldwide may highlight the destinations like Sundarbans forest. For example, in the Sundarbans forest areas Mawalis are allowed to enter the forests in the months of April and May for collecting honey. The Forest Department only permits them with a paper slip. They enter the forest and destroy the honey combs and kill the bees drastically and brutally during of collecting honey. This happens because the collection is never scientific and systematic. If this could be managed scientifically and properly, the local Mawalis will be benefited economically, the forest areas will be rich in biodiversity. Ultimately everything in the honey harvest will be environmentally sound. The natural honey production in the Sundarbans areas by the endemic species of bees is unique in the world. It is necessary to take serious measures in the field not only for economic benefits but also for conservation of unique natural beauties in the forests. All the steps in this forest should be taken in such manner so that every flora and fauna can be able to generate their respective species in an optimal trend; moreover, tourist spots should be placed in those points from which no threats can be created to the ecosystem of Sundar bans. Next to Sunder bans, Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT) can be mentioned under nature-based tourist spots. The tourist spot approach and practice is necessary in this area not only for local tribes and castes but also for conservation of their traditions so that this hilly region can be one of the most spectacular sustainable tourism areas. 2. 3. 4 Culture-based Tourist Spots In Bangladesh, there are many culture based tourist spots where the local people can be involved for increasing total number of tourists in the country. There are such possibilities we have in Bangladesh, but all of them cannot be brought into practice for description, only few can be taken. In Bangladesh almost all of the ancient Temples and Monasteries are found neglected although they may be the attractive spots for tourists. It is found that the last 12 kilometers of the road to Paharpur Monastery from Naogaon is extremely narrow and full of potholes. The construction of a new approach road to the monastery, having less than three kilometer of length, can save tourists from traversing though that horrible 12 kilometers of potholed road. For some restoration works and beautification of the monastery site, the government needs to spend some money. That investment will pay the country high return annually in foreign currency for years. 2. 4Research Questions i)What are the possibilities of economic and employment opportunities of Bangladesh through tourism? ii)What role is BPC playing in this regard? ii)What are the past growths and challenges of tourism in Bangladesh? iv)How can the challenges be overcome? v)How can tourism be flourished as a great potential for the economic development? A modest attempt will be made in this study to get answers of the above questions. In view of the above inquiries the fo llowing objectives are set for the study. 3. Objectives of the Study The study is designed to achieve the following objectives: (i)Broad Objective: The broad objective of the study is to analyze past growth trends and challenges of tourism and to explore the economic and employment opportunities of tourism and to evaluate the role of BPC in developing tourism industry of Bangladesh. ii)Specific Objectives: The specific objectives of the study are as follows: (1)To analyze the growth trends of tourism and its importance in relation to economic development of Bangladesh (2)To study the growth trends, performance and role of BPC (3)To see the possible benefits of eco-tourism (4)To examine the tourism market of the country and to examine the policies and programmes to attract the tourists (5)To assess the employment opportunity created in the tourism sector (6) To identify the challenges of tourism and to project the future of tourism market in Bangladesh. 4. Review of Literature It is worth noting that the review of literature provides an understanding of the issues closely related to the topic. Moreover, it is a crying need to justify the research under-study and to find out the knowledge gap in the field. The researcher has studied a number of web-sites, books, articles, reports and manuscripts on tourism sector. It has been found that literature with specific focus on this sector is not sufficient. However, a brief review of literature is given below. 4. 1 Afroze (2007) â€Å"Eco-tourism and Green Productivity in Bangladesh† written by Afroze discusses the development of tourism market in Bangladesh. Firstly, he discusses the major tourist attractions like Cox’s Bazar, Hilly Districts, Paharpur etc. Secondly, he discusses the role of BPC and other government, semi-government and non-government agencies. Then he mentions prospects of eco-tourism in Bangladesh. He tells that Bangladesh is endowed with the largest mangrove ecosystems in the world, the Sundarbans, the longest unspoiled natural sea-beach in the world, the largest man-made lake at Kaptai, and the Hilly Districts of Rangamati, Bandarban and Khagrachari and a vast offshore marine environment. He also discusses the role of government for the development of tourism industry in Bangladesh. He also tells that proper infrastructure is a prerequisite for the development of tourism. Lack of infrastructure has been one of the prime causes of slow tourism development in Bangladesh. He suggests that brochures and other promotional material could be distributed through all foreign missions in Bangladesh, through Bangladesh Biman, the national carrier. This article gives the researcher a true picture of tourism market in Bangladesh. It will be very helpful to the researcher but it lacks overall discussion of growth and challenges of tourism in Bangladesh. So the scope of the present study is wider than that. 4. 2 Amin (2007) The author in his article named â€Å"The Role of Tourism in Bangladesh Economy† emphasizes the role of tourism in developing countries for their economic development. He mentions some positive benefits of tourism, i. e. , tourism offers the opportunity of providing jobs for different classes of people and thereby contributing to the alleviation of poverty in developing countries. Tourism generates jobs directly through hotels, restaurants, taxis, souvenir sales and indirectly through the supply of goods and services needed by tourism related business. In addition, tourism can induce the local government to make infrastructural improvements and also make an important contribution to a country’s balance of payments. He also mentions that tourism development may be an important instrument for economic advancement for Bangladesh if necessary initiatives are taken. But he does not mention what initiatives are taken? He does not mention anything about the role of BPC for the development of tourism in Bangladesh. The article exists some limitations and the scope of it is narrow. So the present research is an elaborative one. 4. 3 Bashar (2007) The author in his article titled â€Å"Services of Forests: Socio-cultural Roles and Nature-based Eco-tourism† defines eco-tourism, describes the eco-tourism spots and states the benefits of eco-tourism. He tells that in Bangladesh , we have some important forest areas Chittagong (Sitakondo, Karaerhat, Chunati), Cox’s Bazar (Eidgaon, Eidgar, Fashiakhali), Sylhet ( Lawasara and Rama Kalenga), Mymensingh (Sherpur), Tangail (Modhupur), Noakhali (Nijhum Islands) and Khulna ( Sundarbans : the largest mangrove) to be considered as the eco-tourism spots. This analysis is a partial one of tourism in Bangladesh. It is not a wide analysis. It does not cover the role of BPC, the policies and initiatives of BPC to the tourism. So, the present study is wider than that. 4. 4 Firoz (2007) â€Å"Eco-tourism in Bangladesh† by Firoz defines eco-tourism and then shows the economic objectives of tourism in Bangladesh. He states that the tourism industry in countries like Bangladesh is driven by economic objectives, seeking an increase in taxes, job opportunities and infrastructure development. Then he defines eco-tourism and shows positive and negative benefits of eco-tourism. He states that the negative environmental impact of eco-tourism development is of serious concern. In Nepal, for example, the rapid growth of the trekking industry has increased pollution in the Himalayas as well as Kathmandu and caused dangerous crowding and destruction of trails. This article has some limitations. The scope of it is not wide. The analysis of this article is a part of the tourism industry. 4. 5 Hasan (2004) The author in his article named â€Å"Developing Eco-tourism in Bangladesh† defines eco-tourism and tells the prospects of eco-tourism market in Bangladesh. He defines eco-tourism as nature and culture-based tourism. He mentions that in Bangladesh we have some world-class tourism products, both natural and cultural. Our Sundarbans is a nature-based world heritage designated by the UNESCO. It is the largest mangrove forest in the world. The 8th century Paharpur Buddhist Monastery in Naogaon, a world heritage, is the single largest Buddhist Monastery in the world. He suggests that to attract more and more international eco-tourists to Bangladesh, we need to get recognition, such as the world heritage, from the UNESCO, for the world-class national heritage we have in our country. This article only discusses eco-tourism and its prospects which is part of our tourism industry. It does not cover the growth and challenges of tourism. He does not analyze the role of BPC. So the present study is wider than that. 4. 6 Haque (2006) â€Å"Tourism Industry in Bangladesh† written by Haque discusses various aspects of development of tourism industry in Bangladesh. According to the author, tourism provides not only economic prosperity but also provides people with the opportunity to enrich themselves with new experience, enjoy the rare attractive things of other countries and gather knowledge about them. The author focuses that there is a vast potentiality to develop this industry in Bangladesh. This country has long tradition to accept the people from far and near for ages with enchanting natural beauty, archaeological and historical monuments, colorful culture and friendly people. The author describes various policies and initiatives taken by the BPC for the development of tourism industry in Bangladesh. This article is very sufficient for the researcher. But he does not mention the challenges of tourism faced by the BPC. So there exists some limitations. 4. Huque (2004) The author in his article titled â€Å"Eco-tourism and Some Rich Tourist Spots in Bangladesh† states that generally man wants to know what is unknown to him and to see what he has never seen. This ardent desire and inner urge has given rise the modern concept of tourism. Then he defines eco-tourism and he mentions some tourist spots which are best potential for eco-tourism. He tells that eco-tourism has originated from conscience of environment. He mentions that Bangladesh is blessed with two of the world’s splendid and enchanting eco-tourism spots the Sundarbans and the Chittagong Hill Tract. He also tells that the benefit of tourism is immense. The scope of the article is not wide. It only analyzes eco-tourism and its prospects. It does not cover the overall discussion of tourism. 4. 8 Haque (2005) â€Å"Tourism: Our Gold Mine for Development† discusses that Bangladesh is a country blessed with marvelous stunning spectacles and potential tourist spots and unique topographical attractions which have served promising features worthy of taping for immense economic benefits and commercial tourism. He tells that tourism has earned its unique position as a wide range of business dimensions and is regarded like a goldmine for economic development and prosperity. This article will help the researcher very sufficiently. But it does not cover all the things related to the tourism. 4. 9 Kabir and Bhuiya (2004) The authors in their article titled â€Å"Eco-tourism Development in Bangladesh: An Overview† state that in Bangladesh, eco-tourism is in its infancy. But she belongs to a high eco-tourism potentiality. Our forests, beaches, rivers, birds ethnic races would be the main attractions of eco-tourists. The paper is a modest attempt to explain the present situation of eco-tourism development in Bangladesh from development viewpoint and with a critical assessment. The paper is prepared based on published and unpublished secondary sources. The study helps the researcher very sufficiently. It does not cover the growth and challenges of tourism in Bangladesh. So the scope of this study is limited. 4. 10 Kayemuddin (2005) The author in his article named â€Å"Golden Future of Tourism Industry in Bangladesh† states that Bangladesh is a country of full of fun and place of enjoyment. He tells that tourism is an important industry in any country. He mentions that there are some problems in the way to develop tourism in Bangladesh. The problems that identified are as follows : very limited spots are available for tourism, shortage of infrastructure, adequate attention has been focused, lack of appropriate programmes. internal air services limited etc. He also states that the problems may be overcome through joint efforts of the Government and the Peolpe of Bangladesh. This article will help the researcher very sufficiently. But the scope of this is not wide. 4. 11 Mansur (2007) â€Å"Why is Tourism Lagging Behind in Bangladesh? † by Mansur identifies the bottlenecks that are holding the industry back in Bangladesh and proposes reforms that could make tourism one of the biggest foreign exchange earning sectors in the country. He states that our tourism industry is full of problems and bottlenecks most of which are man-made and possible to overcome if we have sincerity in tackling them. A few challenges remain but for the moment it will be enough to work with what we can change and achieve easily. He states that a national tourism organization that has the following qualities : it should be completely independent consisting of experienced professionals from the industry, it must be headed by an experienced professional from the industry etc. The analysis of this article is worthy for the researcher, but the scope of it is limited. 4. 12 Mondal (2006) The author in his article titled â€Å"Tourism Enriches† narrates a brief picture of tourism in Bangladesh. He says that the present tourism sector are faced some problems and constraints and these are – Bangladesh’s image problem abroad as a tourist destination, lack of knowledge among the planners and policy-makers, discontinuity in the implementation of policies and programmes for tourism promotion with the change of governments etc. At last he comments that if Bangladesh can solve the above problems and constraints, she will shortly become an important destination for regional and international tourists. The article does not cover all the things related to tourism. So it is a limited one. 4. 13 Rahman (2007) The author in his article named â€Å"Bangladesh: A Host of Tourist Treasures† states that the tourism industry of Bangladesh has great potentials both as a foreign exchange earner and provider of job opportunities with the resultant multiplier effect on the country’s economy as a whole. He also tells that the BPC is primarily a tourism service provider and promoter of tourism product. He also focuses that Bangladesh has huge prospects of tourism. He mentions some tourist spots like Cox’s Bazar, Kuakata, Sundarbans which have huge potentials. This article does not cover all the things related to the tourism sector. The scope of this article is limited. 4. 14 Salam (2007) The author in his article named â€Å"Eco-tourism Protect the Reserve Mangrove Forest, the Sunder bans and Its Flora and Fauna† describes that nature-oriented tourism can be one means to help achieve sustainability in the reserve forest as well as protecting the important world heritage site. He also states that well-planned tourism could provide economic and political incentives for proper management and for conservation and could ring additional benefit to local communities and regional economies. This article covers only specific things to the tourism sector. It does not cover the role and performance of the BPC. 4. 15 Siddiqi (2003) The author in his article named â€Å"Bangladesh as a Tourist Destination† identifies ‘eco-tourism ’ as a new concept to develop tourism without disturbing ecological balance. The author identifies some problems of tourism sector such as lack of professionalism, negative image of the country, shortage of properly qualified and efficient manpower etc. These are causing hindrance to the development of tourism. The problem is so acute that the BPC has so far not been able to develop definite tourism products. The analysis and explanation of this article is not sufficient. It only discusses the problems, but does not show any solution. 4. 16 Siddiqi (2007) The author in his article named â€Å"Bangladesh is Gold Mine of Eco-tourism Attractions† states that Bangladesh has wealth of eco-tourism attractions. He also states that the goal of eco-tourism development in Bangladesh should be to capture a portion of the enormous global tourism market by attracting visitors to natural areas and using the revenues, to find local conservation and fuel economic development. This is a partial analysis of tourism. It is not elaborative. It does not cover the growth and challenges of tourism in Bangladesh. 4. 17 Siddiqi (2007) Public-Private Sector Partnership Essential to the Development of Tourism† states that tourism development has been an activity which depends on two main groups : the public and the private sectors. The government, in its leadership role, has always been known to spearh ead and pioneer tourism development, by the infrastructural foundation, providing the legislative, physical, fiscal, social and environmental framework, within which the private sector can operate. He also tells that the private sector is considered to be the entity that sustains the tourism industry with its entrepreneurial skills in key sectors such as hotel establishments, travel agencies, tour operation and resorts. At last, he states that we strongly believe that if the government works as felicitator and provides all support o the private sector for their commercial ventures, the development of tourism in the country will get the real boost. The article does not cover all the things related to the tourism sector. It only deals with the co-operation of both public and private to the development of tourism in Bangladesh. 4. 18 Siddiqua (2006) The author in her article named â€Å"Eco-tourism: New Approach to Economic Development in Bangladesh† discusses various aspects of development of eco-tourism industry in Bangladesh. She only emphasizes on the economic sides of eco-tourism. The study is a review work based on secondary data and information. Information and data on eco-tourism for different countries are studied. The analysis of her includes economic impacts of eco-tourism, scope of eco-tourism in Bangladesh, role of eco-tourism on Bangladesh economy. The scope of this article is not wide. She does not mention the role and performance of BPC to develop tourism in Bangladesh. 4. 19 Saha and K. C. (2005) The authors in their article named â€Å"An Assessment on the Problems and Prospects of Eco-tourism in Royal Chitwan National Park (RCNP), Nepal† state to provide insights into the demand and the relative importance of the eco-tourism by examining the characteristics and motivations of local and international tourists participating in eco-tourism ventures at Royal Chitwan National Park (RCNP), Nepal. They also state that another prerequisite of eco-tourism is to create schemes, which allow the local communities to obtain fair share and direct benefit from eco-tourism and to bring incentives from biodiversity conservation. A tourism that combines basic needs of the local community and ensures environmental conservation issues can assure sustainable eco-tourism. Primary and secondary data are used in this study. The study indicates that eco-tourism can be the bridge between biodiversity conservation and developed in the study area. The analysis of this study is not elaborative. It is partial analysis of tourism industry. This study is confined to the specific thing. So, the present study is wider than that. 4. 20 Ullah (1996) The writer in his book titled Hridaye Parjatan expresses his view that the roblems faced by a developing country are different from those faced by a developed one of the west. He states that tourism is one of the important sectors in the world. It provides job opportunity, foreign exchange earnings. He did not mention the functions of BPC, manpower, services and financial performance. He opined that the policies of BPC are not enough to promote the development of tourism market in Bangladesh. He does not analyze the role of BPC separately. The review of literature suggests that, there exists knowledge-gap in the field of present research. No comprehensive research was conducted so far in Bangladesh in this context. 5. Justifications and Feasibility 5. 1 Justifications The existing knowledge-gap in the above discussion makes the main justification for undertaking the present research. Bangladesh is a developing country. Tourism is an important source of foreign exchange earnings, offering opportunities for job creation and infrastructure development, even in remote areas. The UNWTO says that 2007 is critical for tourism to become a very strong tool in the fight against poverty and a primary tool for sustainable development. The present tourism sector in Bangladesh does not present a pleasant picture. International tourist arrivals in 2001 stood at 207,199. Available sources suggest that the number stood at 207,662 in the year 2005. This means an addition of only 463 foreign tourists in four years. The meager foreign exchange earning due to low arrival of foreign tourists, particularly western tourists, represent one percent of Bangladesh’s total export economy. Direct and indirect employment in the tourism sector is slightly over 100,000 and 200,000 respectively, and this is a discouraging figure against the country’s total labor force of 75 million or so. The proposed research is supposed to examine the problems and challenges and suggest remedial measures. The research will be very much useful to the planners and policy-makers relating to the tourism sector in Bangladesh. The research will be useful to the academicians and researchers. The findings will open new avenues of research on the tourism sector and also be used as a secondary source of data by researchers of days to come. 5. 2 Feasibility The researcher is confident of completing the proposed research successfully by exploring the feasibilities mentioned below. i)The researcher is a student of Economics and teaches Industrial Economics at undergraduate level. The Economics background and academic command over industrial policy will help the researcher to complete the study successfully. ii)Some studies of this kind were undertaken in some of the developed as well as developing countries, particularly in India, the outcomes of which are available in printed forms and in the internet. These studies will benefit the researcher substantially. ii)Necessary data are available from authentic sources, like BPC, Ministry of Civil Aviation and Tourism, Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS) and other Government sources. Some research organizations like Bangladesh Ins titute of Development Studies (BIDS), Center for Policy Dialogue (CPD) etc. provide ample data along with analysis. iv)Supervision and close monitoring of supervisor, logistic support for IBS and intellectual help from other think-tanks will make the study possible. v)The fellowship granted by IBS to the researcher will contribute to bear some of the expenses to undertake the proposed research. Besides, the researcher is helpful to avail himself of grants and scholarship from some other sources like SSRC, UGC, etc. which will supposedly relive the researcher and help the study complete within the stipulated time. 6. Methodology 6. 1 Definition The word ‘method’ is derived from two Greek words viz. ‘meta’ and ‘hodos’ meaning a way, a way of doing something. A method is a planned, systematic and well articulated approach of investigation. It involves a process where the stages or steps of collecting data are explained and analytical techniques ar e also defined. Methodology is a set of methods which are used in a particular area of activity. It is the systematic study of the principles which guide scientific investigation. 6. 2 Selection of Method The proposed research will be an evaluative type of study. Mainly documentary method will be applied in conducting the proposed study. Justification of adopting documentary method is that it is appropriately applicable in finding out what has happened in course of time and correlating the events. The analysis of the research will be primarily quantitative in nature, although to realize the objectives of the study, qualitative approach will be necessary. The research will exploit the data of the last 35 years (1973-2007) of the BPC. The researcher will undertake an opinion survey on purposively selected persons. 6. 3 Study Area The study area will be three categories of tourism such as nature, culture and water-based tourism. The selected tourist spots for this study are Sundarbans, Pharpur Buddhist Monastery and Cox’s Bazar. 6. 4 Sources of Data The research will exploit the data of the last 35 years (1973-2007) of the BPC. Both primary and secondary but mostly secondary data will be used in the study. 6. 4. 1 Primary Sources Primary sources include interviews and discussions with the purposively selected persons, unpublished documents of BPC etc. 6. 4. 2 Secondary Sources Secondary sources include published official statistics, reports, documents, books, articles, periodicals of different domestic and international agencies, daily newspapers, theses, dissertations, statistics and publications of BPC and the Ministry of Civil Aviation and Tourism. Web-sites of related local and international institutions will also be used as sources of data. 6. 5 Sample Design Type of Sampling: Purposive Sampling Procedure will be followed: Respondents †¢Policy makers (20) †¢Employees of BPC (20) †¢Private Tour Operators (20) †¢Tourism Consultants (10) †¢Local Tourists (50) †¢Foreign Tourists (20) †¢Tourist Guides (10) †¢Sample Size: 150 6. 6 Instruments for Data Collection Data will be collected by using different types of tools like questionnaire, interviews, discussions etc. 6. 7 Analysis of Data Data and information provided by the sources will be analyzed with rationality. Collection and processing of data will be done with prudence and acknowledgements. Analyses of data will be accomplished with the use of frequency distributions, measures of central tendency, time series and simple regression. Interpretations of facts will be done by the use of various tools, such as tables, charts, line graphs, bar-diagram, pie-chart, histogram and historigram. 6. 8 Interpretation Primary analysis will be reexamined with critical observation and logical arguments. 7. Scope of the Study and Limitations 7. 1 Scope of the Study The proposed research is supposed to display the economic and employment opportunities of tourism in Bangladesh. The researcher will analyze the growth trends of tourism and its importance in relation to economic development of Bangladesh. Then the researcher will study the growth trends, performance and role of BPC. The researcher will examine the tourism market of the country and to examine the policies and programmes to attract the tourists. How the BPC is running and how it can play our economy to create employment opportunity and to earn foreign exchange and what are the challenges faced by the BPC to develop tourism industry in Bangladesh. The researcher will identify the challenges and to project the future of tourism market in Bangladesh. At the beginning, the policy and initiatives measures taken by the BPC will be evaluated. Then the way of development of tourism process will be analyzed. The core area of the study will be the explanation of the performance of BPC. Finally, the study will offer some policy recommendations in order to help perform better by the BPC. 7. 2 Limitations of the Study i)Tourism is a virgin field in Bangladesh. No comprehensive research work was done before. No text book is available. Tourism –related articles, features are only found on daily newspapers, magazines etc. ii)Data of the early years of BPC are sometimes not available. iii)Time and resource constraints also exist. 8. Time Reference The proposed research is designed to cover the time span of 35 years from 1973 to 2007. 9. Time Frame 1st phase: July 2006 – June 2007: †¢Completion of one year long course work at IBS †¢Preparation for undertaking the research 2nd phase: July 2007 – June 2008: Presentation of M. Phil registration seminar †¢Preparation, pre-testing and finalization of questionnaire †¢Completion of data collection and processing †¢ Presentation of conversion seminar for Ph. D. program 3rd phase: July 2008 – June 2009: †¢Completion of draft dissertation writing †¢Editing and upgrading the draft †¢Presentation of pre-submission seminar †¢Submission of the final dissertation 10. Projected Thesis Structure Chapter 1: Introduction 1. 1 Prelude 1. 2Statement of the Problem 1. 3Operational Definitions 1. 4Objectives of the Study 1. 5Review of Literature 1. 6Justification of the Study 1. 7Scope and Limitations of the Study 1. 8Methodology 1. Plan of Dissertation Chapter 2: Growth Trends of Tourism in Bangladesh 2. 1 Growth of Domestic Tourists 2. 2 Growth of International Tourists 2. 3 Growth of Foreign Exchange Earnings 2. 4 Growth of Infrastructure for Tourism 2. 5 Prospects of Tourism Investment 2. 6 Contribution of Tourism in the National Economy 2. 7 Conclusion Chapter 3: Importance of Eco-tourism in Respect of Economic Development of Bangladesh 3. 1 Importance of Eco-tourism 3. 2 Tourism and Economic Development 3. 3 Tourism and Infrastructural Developme nt 3. 4 Economic Impact of Eco-tourism 3. 5Role of Eco-tourism on Bangladesh Economy 3. 6 Conclusion Chapter 4: BPC’S Role as a Tourism Industry and Its Performance 4. 1 Introduction to BPC 4. 2 Objectives of BPC 4. 3 Functions and Responsibilities of BPC 4. 4 Administrative Setup of BPC 4. 5 Tourism Facilities Created Under BPC 4. 6 Performance of BPC 4. 7 Conclusion Chapter 5: A Critical Analysis of Tourism Policy, Development Strategies and Prospects of Marketing 5. 1 Tourism Policy of Bangladesh 5. 2 Critical Analysis of Tourism Policy 5. 3 Review of First Tourism Development Master Plan 5. 4 Scope of Tourism in Bangladesh and Prospects of Marketing 5. 5 Present Development Plan 5. 6 Conclusion Chapter 6: Creation of Employment in Tourism Sector 6. Employment Opportunity in Bangladesh 6. 2 Direct Employment Opportunity Created Through Tourism 6. 3 Indirect Employment Opportunity Created Through Tourism 6. 4 Prospects of Job Opportunity to Be Created Through Tourism 6. 5 Conclusion Chapter: 7 Challenges and Future of Tourism Industry in Bangladesh 7. 1 Tourism Industry in Bangladesh 7. 2 Challenges of Tourism Industry in Bangladesh 7. 3 Tourism and Economic Growth 7. 4 Tourism and Foreign Exchange Earnings 7. 5Projection of Inflow of Tourists 7. 6Role of Media 7. 7 Conclusion Chapter: 8 Summary of Findings and Conclusions 8. 1 Preamble 8. 2 Findings 8. 3 Recommendations 8. 4 Conclusions Bibliography Appendix 11. Conclusion Present research proposal is based on preliminary review of literature and it is tentative in nature. It may undergo changes with progress of the study as well as with incorporation of better suggestions, recommendations, opinions of scholars, teachers and learned supervisor. Bibliography (Tentative) A. Manuscripts Chandra Praba, A. â€Å"Environmental Aspects of Tourism in Palani an Opinion Survey†. M. Phil. Dissertation. Madurai Kamarj University. Madurai, 2002. George, P. O. â€Å"Management of Tourism Industry in Kerala†. Unpublished Ph. D. Thesis. Mahathma Gandhi University. Kottayam, 2003. Kalaiarasi, N. â€Å"An Economic Study of Tourism in Madurai City. † M. Phil. Dissertation. Madurai Kamaraj University. Madurai, 1991. Kamalakshy, M. V. Hotel Industry in Kerala with Reference to Tourism†. Unpublished Ph. D. Thesis. Cochin University of Science and Technology. Kerala, 1996. Sudheer, S. V. â€Å"Tourism in Kerala Problems and Prospects†. Unpub lished Ph. D. Thesis. University of Kerala. Kerala, 1992. Rajadurai, M. â€Å"An Economic Study of Growth and Pattern of Tourist Inflows in Tamil Nadu†. Unpublished Ph. D. Thesis. Madurai Kamaraj University. Madurai, 2005. B. Documents Bangladesh Parjatan Corporation (BPC). Tourism Statistics of Bangladesh. Dhaka: Planning, Training and Statistics Division, BPC, 2005. C. Books Abedin, M. Zainul. A Hand Book of Research for the Fellows of M. Phil. and Ph. D. Programmes. Dhaka: Book Syndicate, 1996. Batra, K. L. Problems and Prospectives of Tourism. Jaipur: Prontwell Publishers, 1990. Bezbaruah, M. P. Indian Tourism – Beyond the Millennium. New Delhi: Gyan Publishing House, 1999. Bhatia, A. K. International Tourism. Delhi: Sterling Publishers Private Ltd, 1992. Bhatia, A. K. Tourism Development. New Delhi: Sterling Publishers (P) Ltd, 1983. Bhatia, A. K. Tourism Management and Marketing. New Delhi: Sterling Publishers (P) Ltd, 1997. Bijender, K Punia. Tourism Management Problems and Prospects. New Delhi: Ashish Publishing House, 1994. Dhulasi, Birundha Varadarajan. Eco Tourism – An Evolution. New Delhi: Kanisha Publishers, Distributors, 2003. Krishan, K Kamara. Managing Tourist Destination. New Delhi: Kanisha Publishers, Distributors, 2001. Mathieson, A. and Wall, G. Tourism- Economic, Physical and Social Impacts. New York: Longman, 1982. Mohammed, Zulfikar. Introduction to Tourism and Hotel Industry. New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House (P) Ltd. , 1998. Mowforth, M. and Munt, I. Tourism and Sustainability: Development and New Tourism in the Third World. London: Routledge, 2003. Nash, D. Anthropology of Tourism. Oxford: Pergamon, 1996. Raina, A. K. and Lodha, R. C. Fundamentals of Tourism System. New Delhi: Kanisha Publishers, Distributors, 2004. Roger, Carter. Tourism- Excises and Activates. Ed. London: Jeff Carpenter Publishers, Hodder and Sloughton, 1990. Sharma, J. K. Tourism in India. Jaipur: Classic Publishing House, 1991. Sharma, K. K. New Dimension in Tourism and Hotel Industry. New Delhi: Sarup & Sons, 1998. Stephen, F. Witt and Luiz, Moutinhop. Tourism Marketing and Management Hand Book. London: Prentice Hall, 1995. Suhita, Chopra. Tourism & Development in India. New Delhi: Ashish Publishing House, 1991. Tewari, S. P. Tourism Dimensions. New Delhi: Sterling Publishers Private Ltd, 1994. Ullah, Mohammed Ahsan. Hridaye Parjatan[Tourism in the Heart]. Dhaka: Sweety Rahman, 1996. Vivek, Sharma. Tourism in India. Jaipur: Arihant Publisher. D. Articles Amin, Sakib Din. â€Å"The Role of Tourism in Bangladesh Economy†. The Bangladesh Observer. May 08, 2007. Bashar, Dr. MA. â€Å"Services of Forests: Socio-cultural Roles and Nature-based Eco-tourism†. The Daily Star. 6 April, 2007. Carte, R. W. Baxter, G. S. Hockings, M. â€Å"Resource Management in Tourism Research: New Direction†. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 9(4), 2001. Haque, Dr. Mahfuzul. â€Å"Tourism Industry in Bangladesh†. The Daily Star. 27 September, 2006. Haque, K. M. Saiful. â€Å"Eco-tourism and Some Rich Tourist Spots in Bangladesh†. The Bangladesh Observer, Observer Magazine. February 13, 2004. Haque, K. M. Saiful. â€Å"Tourism: Our Gold Mine for Development†. The Bangladesh Observer, Observer Magazine. March 25, 2005. Hasan, Faruque. â€Å"Developing Eco-tourism in Bangladesh†. The Daily Star. 27 September 2004. Hossain, Muhammad and Akter, Nasrin. â€Å"Electronic Means in Tourism: Applicability and Challenges for Bangladesh†. Journal of Institute of Bangladesh Studies. Vol. 29 (August, 2006). Kayemuddin, Prof. Dr. Md. â€Å"Golden Future of Tourism Industry in Bangladesh†. The Bangladesh Observer, Observer Magazine. 25 March 2005. Mondal, M. Abdul Latif. â€Å"Tourism Enriches†. The Daily Star. 27 September 2006. Mansur, Hasan. â€Å"Why is Tourism Lagging Behind in Bangladesh? †. The New Age. 16 May 2007. Naik, G. P. and S. G. Kulkarni. â€Å"Socio-Economic Benefits of Tourism†. Indian Commerce Bulletin. Vol. 2 No. 2 (August, 1998). Siddiqi, Raquib. â€Å"Bangladesh as a Tourist Destination†. The Bangladesh Observer, Observer Magazine. September 19, 2003. Siddiqua, Tasnim. â€Å"Eco-tourism: New Approach to Economic Development in Bangladesh†. Khulna University Studies. Vol. 7, No. 1 (June, 2006). Saha, S. K and K. C. , Deepak. â€Å"An Assessment on the Problems and Prospects of Ecotourism in Royal Chitwan National Park (RCNP), Nepal†. Khulna University Studies. Vol. 6, No. 1&2 (June-December, 2005). Sherlock, K. â€Å"Revisiting the Concept of Hosts and Guests†. Tourism Studies 1(3), 2001. The Bangladesh Monitor. (A Fortnightly Journal, Vol. XVI, Issue No. 16), 1-15, April 2007. Veerrrasikaran, R. â€Å"Significance of Tourism in India†. The Southern Economist. Vol. 32 No. 9 (September 1, 1993). Vijayakumar. â€Å"New Strategy for Indian Tourism Industry†. Southern Economist. Vol. 37, No. 10, 1998. E. Websites Afroze, Ruby. â€Å"Eco-tourism and Green Productivity in Bangladesh†. Link: http://www. apo-tokyo. org/ag/e_publi/gplinkeco/07chapter5. pdf. Amin, Sakib Din. â€Å"The Role of Tourism in Bangladesh Economy†. The New Nation (Web edition). Link: http://nation. ittefaq. com/artman/exec/view. cgi/60/32702. Firoz, Remeen. â€Å"Eco-tourism in Bangladesh†. Link: http:

Nokia Applying Art of War Essay

Sun Zi Art of War is one of the oldest and most successful books on military strategy. It had an influence on Eastern military thinking, business tactics and beyond. In this assignment, we will apply Sun Zi Art of War Theories into companies chosen, Nokia Firstly, our assignment is based on Chapter Four (Disposition of the Army) of Sun Zi’s Art of War. One of the key points of Chapter Four is about a skillful general will ensure undefeatedness when waiting the opportunity to offend or defend the enemy. In business circles, we have to create opportunities to defeat and set conditions to ensure that we would not be defeated by rivals. Furthermore, a skillful general should possess to evaluate the chances of victory. There are five stages that need to look into. There are estimating the degree of difficulty, assessing the scope of operation, calculation of own forces, comparison of forces and establishing the chances of victory. All of these stages are useful till today’s business practices. Nokia is a company involved in digital technologies, including mobile phones, telecommunications network, wireless data solutions and multimedia terminals. Nokia’s history is from 1865 when engineer Idestam established a wood-pulp mill in southern Finland and start manufacturing paper. The beginning of Nokia’s journey into telecommunication was is in 1960, Nokia? s Cable Work’s Electronics department started to conduct research into semiconductor technology. Content Related to our topic-Weaknesses and Strengths, we would like to use a mobile phone company as an example, which is Nokia. Nokia is a Finnish multinational communications corporation. Nokia is engaged in the manufacturing of mobile devices and in converging Internet and communications industries. It is the world’s largest manufacturer of mobile telephones and it produces mobile devices for every major market segment . Offending and defending is one of the elements in Sun Zi concepts. Sun Zi said: â€Å"Those who were skillful in warfare ensued that they would not be defeated and then waited for opportunities to defeat the enemy†. It means that we not only need to attack but need to defend too. Besides waiting for hances to attack, we need to defend ourselves from being defeated by competitors too. This concept is being applied on modern business strategies and practices. We can see that Nokia is skillful in warfare (business world). Besides produces mobile phone, Nokia also offers Internet services such as applications, games, music, maps, media and messaging. Apart from that, Nokia also comes out with assorted model of mobile phone, for example, N-series, Xpress Music series, Supernova series and others with different function to attract different range of mobile phone users. Besides that, Nokia’s subsidiary Nokia Siemens Networks produces telecommunications network equipment, solutions and services and it also engaged in providing free digital map information and navigation services through its wholly-owned subsidiary Navteq. From this we can see that Nokia not only attack its competitors by producing different kind of cell phone but also defend itself by having other products and services other than cell phone. At the same time, Sun Zi also mentioned that â€Å"the ability that is preventing defeat depends on oneself, while the opportunity for victory depends on the enemy†. Nokia has its own preventing defeat ability by having their own professional designer and Research & Development department. Their designers are assigned to design some new and attractive model to attract different level of mobile phone users while research and development are carried out to invent some new function to improve the quality and value of the cell phone. Apart from that, Nokia is now planning to have collaborations with competitors. Alongside pursuing this goal of nurturing more innovative partnerships, Nokia will also be looking to explore new product categories for Symbian and Smartphone technologies, extending the reach of higher-end technologies into mid-range devices after they addresses a need for many people looking to downgrade to less expensive products, especially in such fragile economic times. Nokia also comes out with Nokia 5800 XpressMusic as it offers unique value for those who want to experience their music on the move, after found that all touch screen devices are sold popularly worldwide. Besides that, Sun Zi also said: â€Å"Defend when military strength is weaker than enemy and attack when forces are stronger than enemy. † This means that we should defend when forces and resources are inadequate and attack when forces and resources are more than abundant. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, Nokia ran into serious financial problems due to its heavy losses by the television manufacturing division and businesses that were just too diverse. The company responded by streamlining its telecommunications divisions and by divesting itself of the television and PC divisions. After the strategic change, Nokia gained a huge increase in sales from Finland to North America, South America and Asia. The exploding worldwide popularity of mobile telephones had made the company the world’s largest mobile phone manufacturer. With solid foundations and sound financial situations, Nokia has recently plans to develop Salo plant operating mode to further increase production speed and efficiency for a growing Smartphone market. Besides that, Nokia also merge with Intel to be software platforms for future computing devices. Sun Zi said: â€Å"A skillful general studies the ways that can lead to victory, and set up proper organizational structure and control, and maintain law and order which will lead to victory. † The person adept in warfare not only cultivates his moral code but maintains law and order. In this way, he is able to develop policies that determine victory and defeat in war. For example, Nokia has a proper organizational structure and control. Nokia comprises three business groups which included Devices, Services, Solutions and Market. The four units receive operational support from the Corporate Development Office which is also responsible for exploring corporate strategic and future growth opportunities. The Devices division is responsible for developing and managing Nokia’s mobile device portfolio, including the sourcing of components. The Services division operates in five areas of consumer Internet services: music, maps, media, messaging and games. This group works with companies outside the telecommunications industry to make advances in the technology and bring new applications and possibilities in areas such as online services, optics, music synchronization and streaming media. On the same time, the Solutions division is responsible for Nokia’s offering of solutions, where the mobile device, personalized services and content are integrated into a package for the consumer while the Markets division is responsible for the management of the supply chains, sales channels, brand and marketing functions of the company. Discussions When we discus about Nokia is company which the first enters into the business field has the priority to gain the market and has advantages over other companies. Actually, this is not easy being a marketing leader in this industry; the rick was also instrumental to take in Nokia’s worldwide effort to assure the financial strength and flexibility. This strong financial are help the company able to have a very strong and efficient human resource team. This strong financial background help company to attack its competitors by producing different kind of cell phone and also defend itself by having other products and services other than cell phone. Nokia believes it should be easy to share information and content between our cell phone and other devices you use everyday such as PC and the web. This way it is easy to keep everything synchronized and ensure people always have access to the things they love, such as music, and the services they use, such as navigation, whenever and wherever people need them. The average person spends between one and two hours per day in their car. Given that their cell phone not only holds their favourite music but now, if it is a Nokia cell phone, comes with free worldwide navigation services (Maps), the next logical step is to provide an easy way to connect their cell phone to their car. This way services and content from the mobile can be fully integrated with the in-car speakers, displays and control systems. Just as importantly, though, this connection should be two-way so that the cell phone can access performance information from the vehicle itself and provide more relevant information to the driver. Nokia company not only responsible for corporate and technology strategy, strategic alliances partnerships, research, standardization, intellectual property rights, and venturing. Nokia has a well-defined and efficient human resources team that is organizational HR, Business HR, and CPD. These groups work closely with employees and management to create and carry out all people initiatives. They also responsibility for all human resources activity including employee development, management and leadership development, compensation, benefits, staffing and global diversity. The human resource manager also acts as the ‘hosting manager’ for Workplace Resources. This role involves helping Workplace Resources achieve their goals by being a discussion partner for him and his leadership team. Sun Zi said: â€Å"The purpose of raising such a large army is to achieve wsift and decisive victories. † It mean in such a big increase in troops is aimed at achieving wsift and decisive victory, before a company want to be success they must raising the employees welfare and their fight heart. Recommendation As we know, Nokia, which has entered into the mobile phone business since early 1980s, has more advance history than other mobile brand like Sony Ericsson, which entered the field on October 2001. Thus, Nokia should keep on improving their mobile phone and devices by using the element of Sun Zi Art of War. Sun Zi said: Those who arrive first at the battleground will have sufficient time to rest and prepare against the enemy. Those who arrive late at the battleground will have to rush into battle when they are already exhausted. In other word, company which the first enters into the business field has the priority to gain the market share and has advantages over other companies. Since the trademark of Nokia has been well-known by mobile phone users, Nokia can gain a number of its loyal customers. Nokia also continually to modify and innovative its mobile phones and devices, and more expensive multimedia and enterprise-class devices. Moreover, Nokia has more experience than Sony Ericsson in communication sector. Furthermore, Nokia Company suited with flexibility, adaptability and shaping with their products when the environment factor occur, like economic recession or inflation. Indeed, it should not seek to conform, but to transform itself to suit the environment. Based on chapter six, the person who gains victories by adapting to the changing conditions and situations of the enemy can be considered a legend in warfare. When the company meets the obstacles, they also should be flexible like water by changing their tactics to overcome the difficulty to ensure they are undefeatness by the opponents. The Nokia Way emphasizes the speed and flexibility of decision making in a flat, network organization, clearly stated by Nokia’s official corporate culture manifesto. The trademark of Nokia has been well-known by mobile phone users, but Nokia company also should redefine its values by develop Nokia’s official corporate culture manifesto. The trademark of Nokia has been well-known by mobile phone users, but Nokia company also should redefine its values by develop their product to satisfy customer needs and expectation. Its comes out with the slogan, that is â€Å"Engaging You, Achieving Together, Passion for Innovation and Very Human† in May 2007. More troops would be committed when the situation dictated so. In addition, Nokia Company need to matching strategies with ground characteristics in the business environment. This is evident in the various descriptions given to each type of group and the different strategies advocated for them. Based on chapter eleven, Sun Zi emphasized the importance of understanding and exploiting these different grounds. He said that the effective deployment of troops, whether they are strong and weak, depends on the understanding and exploitation of the terrain. Nokia Company should exploit different branch to selling various type of mobile phone device over the country by fitting the affordable consumer’s needs at the right place, in a right time. For example, Nokia offers a free personalized service to its subscribers called My Nokia which located at my. nokia. com. Registered My Nokia users can avail free services as tips and tricks alerts through web, e-mail and also mobile text message. My Nokia Backup is the service needs GPRS connection to get a free online backup service for mobile contacts, calendar logs and also various other files. Besides, numerous ringtones, wallpapers, screensavers, games and other things can be downloaded free of cost. Then, Nokia develop some strategic to merchandise their product by using market basket analysis or organize a Nokia Fair by promote product at a cheaper price in order to gain more market share in this modern world. Conclusion Through our assignment report, we know that many Sun Zi’s Art of War concept has been applied in today modern business strategies and practices. This has proof by our assignment’s research. The studies of Sun Zi’s theories are use in today business based on the example company we choose, which is the Nokia mobile phone company is very useful and effective. Our research had discovered that Nokia had applied the Sun Zi’s concept of Disposition of the Army as a guideline for achieving the company goals. As a conclusion, the first knowledge we learned through this report is we cannot always attack but need to defend based on different situation. As we waiting for chances to attack, we need to defend ourselves from being defeated. Secondly, we also learned that we can build an invincible defend to make the competitor difficult in attacking us. However, to defeat the competitors, one has to attack and the chances of victory depend on how strong the competitors can defend. The next thing we learned is we should defend when forces and resources are inadequate and attack when forces and resources are more than abundant. Lastly, we also learned that the person adept in warfare not only cultivates his moral code but maintains law and order. In this way, he is able to develop policies that determine victory and defeat in war.